Table 1-1. Examples of Instream, Riparian, and Upland Restoration Techniques

Restoration

Category    Description



Instream  Reconfiguration of stream bed:  Dig a new channel for

   stream beds that have become braided or overly

   shallow.  The new channel should increase depth and

   structural complexity (thalweg cross section).



Instream  Restoration of channel course natural meander pattern:

   Remove any manmade structure or stop dredging

   practices that maintain channelization; actively

   redirect stream into meander pattern appropriate to

   hydrologic conditions.



Instream   Root wad/tree revetment:  A stump with roots still

   attached is placed  horizontally into the stream bank

   with the root end extending into the stream.



Instream  Live stakes, live fascines, brush mattresses, branch

   packings, brush layering, vegetated geogrids, and live

   cribwall:  These are all stream bank stabilization

   techniques that use vegetation bundles (e.g., willows)

   placed in stream banks in various patterns and means

   of attachment.  A particular method is selected based

   on soil type, bank slope, and hydrologic conditions.



Instream  Channel deflector and channel constrictor: Deflectors

   and constrictors are triangular-shaped structures,

   constructed from rock, gabion, or logs that extend

   into the stream to narrow and deepen streams in

   selected locations.  These techniques encourage

   meander, form pools, increase cover, and protect

   eroding banks.



Instream  Boulder cluster:  Large boulders are placed

   strategically in the stream channel to increase

   structural complexity, including eddies and small

   pools.



Instream  Log drop structure:  This example is one of many

   structures that alter flow conditions to create small

   drops and pools.  The log drop consists of a log

   placed across the stream, with a V notch cut into the

   middle to direct flow.  Characteristics of these

   structures (e.g., height of the drop and width of the

   log) are carefully designed to prevent the obstruction

   of fish migration.



Riparian  Wetland restoration



Riparian  Re-establishing vegetation in the riparian corridor

   with native species best suited to current hydrologic

   and soil conditions (e.g., forested riparian buffers).



Riparian  Controlling the timing, location, and extent of water

   diversions from and irrigation return flows to stream  

   channel.



Riparian  Constructing fences and gates in riparian corridor to

   control access of grazing livestock and other

   agricultural activities to selected locations along

   the stream.



Upland   Urban BMPs:  Retention devices (e.g., infiltration

   basins, trenches, dry wells, and porous pavement);

   vegetative controls (e.g., basin landscaping, filter

   strips, grassed swales, and wetlands); source controls

   (e.g., education regarding inappropriate discharges to

    storm drains and proper disposal of potential

   contaminants); erosion control (e.g., construction

   site management and controls); land-use planning

   (e.g., limiting direct connection of impervious area

   to waterbody); sewage overflow controls; urban

   stormwater retrofits.



Upland   Agricultural and grazing BMPs:  Erosion and sediment

   control(e.g., filter strips, grassed waterways, and

   conservation tillage); confined animal facility

   management (e.g., sediment basins); grazing management

   (e.g., livestock exclusion, alternative drinking

   locations, and stream crossings).



Upland   Forestry BMPs:  Streamside management areas that

   contain canopy species to control temperature and

   increase bank stability; road decommissionings;

   erosion control (e.g., grass-seeding, hydromulch,

   installation of road drainage structures such as

   water bars, dips, or ditches).



Upland   Point source effluent controls